223. In the midst of the Civil War, the Basque Government was forced into a long period of exile. It moved first to Paris, and in 1941 to New York. In 1946 it returned to France, promoting the International League of Friends of the Basques, which managed to raise 50,000 members, defending the idea of a united federal Europe of the Peoples. In 1951, the French Government under socialist president Vincent Auriol, confiscated the Basque government offices in Paris and handed them over to representatives of Franco. 224. The Gernika battalion enters Bordeaux after liberation of the city in 1945. Following the disbanding of the Basque Army, its troops had been posted to the ranks of the Free French army, and marched under the ikurriña of the former Saseta battalion of the Euzko Gudarostea. 225. Gudari (Basque soldier) at the end of the Second World War. As they had at the end of the Spanish Civil war in 1939, many Basque combatants who had fought with the Free French forces were again forced into exile. North and South America were popular venues for this new wave of the Basque Diaspora. 226. Euzko-Gogoa (1949-1959). The magazine was published in Guatemala by exiled writer Jokin Zaitegi, with the collaboration of another two writers, Orixe and Andima Ibinagabeitia. It printed everything from texts on literature, music and linguistics to translations into Basque of authors such as Sophocles, Horatio and Virgil. From 1956 on, it was published in Biarritz, and continued to have a large number of illustrious collaborators. 227. Nikolas Ormaetxea Orixe (Orexa, 1888-1961). Poet and scholar, he devoted his life to Basque culture, writing poems, novels, essays and translations. Because of the richness of his Basque and his narrative art, he was commissioned by Aitzol in 1931 to create the Basque epic Euskaldunak (1950). Before it was published, he was imprisoned during the war and subsequently exiled. From France he left for the Americas, returning to his country in 1956, when other Basque intellectuals also began to make their way back. 228. Joxe Miel Barandiaran (Ataun 1889-1991). Eminent ethnographer and anthropologist, he was the father and pioneer of archaeological and ethnographic research in the Basque Country. He too was forced to flee following the fascist uprising, moving in 1942 to Sara/Sare (Labourd) where he ran a cultural centre. In 1953, he moved back to Ataun. By then, he was a figure of international prestige and was running the Basque Institute of Research Ikuska (1946), the Anuario de Eusko-Folklore (Vitoria / Gasteiz 1921) and the magazine Eusko-Jakintza (Bayonne, 1947). He died in 1991, after a long life, rich in research and teaching with innumerable publications to his name. 229. The Civil War meant the end of the ikastolas; as a result, some groups of parents organised clandestine schooling in Basque for their children. One of the pioneers in this undertaking was Elvira Zipitria (1906), who gave classes at her home in San Sebastian from 1943. Pictured in the photo with her pupils. In December 2009, the Territorial Government of Gipuzkoa awarded its Gold Medal to the group of andereñoak (primary teachers) who kept up clandestine teaching in Basque during the post-war period. 230. After the war, Euskaltzaindia practically ceased to operate. In the early 1950s, Resurrección Maria de Azkue resumed the work of the Academy, with the help of Federico Krutwig. A specialist in languages and an erudite academic, Krutwig (Getxo 1921-1998) worked tirelessly for the prestige of the Basque language and defended the need to introduce elements of European and classic Greek culture. 231. El Libro negro del euskera (Ttarttalo, 1998) prepared by Joan Mari Torrealdai, documents the history of the repression and censorship of the Basque language from 1730 and the particular severity of the post-war Francoist period. 232. Propaganda from the fascist regime, censuring the use of any language other than Spanish: SPEAK PROPERLY. Be a Patriot – Don't be a Barbarian. It is the mark of courteous gentleman to speak our official language, Spanish. It means being a patriot. LONG LIVE SPAIN AND DISCIPLINE AND THE LANGUAGE OF CERVANTES. UP WITH SPAIN!!. 233. Orson Welles. In 1955 Welles made two documentaries on the Basque Country for British television. The local inhabitants – Welles explained— speak a tongue no expert has ever been able to trace. In General Franco's half of the Basque Country, this language is quite literally against the law; it's treason to speak it.